Question 1Can legacy and agentic information systems coexist?
01Preference expression and bot identity
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- 2A Vocabulary For Expressing AI Usage PreferencesPaul Keller and Martin Thomson, IETF AI Preferences Working Group, 2026
- 3HTTP Message Signatures for automated trafficThibault Meunier, IETF Web Bot Auth Working Group, 2026
- 4Anonymous Bot Authentication: Authorization and Rate Limiting for Web AgentsRichard Barnes and Eric Rescorla, IETF Internet-Draft, 2026
- 5CC Signals: A preference signals framework to protect the commonsMonica Granados, Zenodo / Creative Commons, 2025Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
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02Evidence of agent behavior and impact
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- 10AI in Search Reduces Publisher Referrals Without Improving User Experience: Experimental EvidenceWang et al., arXiv, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 11Scrapers selectively respect robots.txt directives: evidence from a large-scale empirical studyKim et al., arXiv, 2025Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 12Quo Vadis, Crawlers? Progress and what’s next on safeguarding our infrastructureMueller et al., Wikimedia Foundation, 2026
- 13New Report: 30% of South African Publishers Block AI Crawlers via Robots.txtCTRL+J / Journalism Relay Project, 2026
- 14Signals at ScaleCaswell and Fang, Signals at Scale, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 152026 State of AI Traffic: Cyberthreat BenchmarksHUMAN Security, 2026 (registration required)Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
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- 17News Integrity in AI AssistantsArcher and De Tender, EBU and BBC, 2025Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 18Generative AI and News Report 2025Felix Simon, et al., Reuters Institute, 2025
- 19How Crawlers Impact the Operations of the Wikimedia ProjectsMueller, et al., Wikimedia Foundation, 2025
- 20The Protocol GapJournalism Relay Project, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 21DECEPTICON: How Dark Patterns Manipulate Web AgentsCuvin et al., arXiv, 2025Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 22How Do Data Owners Say No? A Case Study of Data Consent Mechanisms in Web-Scraped Vision-Language AI Training DatasetsLee et al., arXiv, 2025Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 23Web Crawler Restrictions, AI Training Datasets & Political BiasesBouchaud and Ramaciotti, arXiv, 2025Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
03Between publishers and platforms
- 24Creepy AI Crawlers Are Turning the Internet into a Haunted HouseI and Cath, Tech Policy Press, 2025
- 25Same gatekeepers, new tollbooths in the AI content licensing marketCourtney Radsch, Brookings Institution, 2026
- 26Forget it. Publishers can’t leave Google. That’s a problemJason Kint, Digital Content Next, 2026
- 27Cloudflare’s Troubling Shift From Guardian to GatekeeperHogg and Hwang, Tech Policy Press, 2025
- 28News/Media Alliance Applauds AI Bot Transparency Bill IntroductionDanielle Coffey, News/Media Alliance, 2026
- 29The Agentic Web Requires New Normative InfrastructurePattison et al., arXiv, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 30Exploring Must-Carry for the News in the Platform EconomyCourtney Radsch and Anya Schiffrin, OSCE, 2025Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 31Same Gatekeepers, New Tollbooths: Mapping the AI Content Licensing MarketCourtney Radsch and Karina Montoya, Center for Journalism & Liberty, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 32Consent in Crisis: The Rapid Decline of the AI Data CommonsLongpre et al., Data Provenance Initiative, 2023Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
Question 2Can agentic architectures incentivize human information production?
04Licensing
- 33People Inc.’s Jon Roberts on the AI licensing boom – and the revenue lagGuaglione, Digiday, 2026
- 34How AI Companies Can Pay Fair Rates for the Content They NeedpreviewRaul Castro Fernandez and Glen Weyl, Harvard Business Review, 2026Only the publicly accessible summary and opening excerpt were available; the full article requires publisher access.
- 35Really Simple Licensing (RSL) 1.0 SpecificationBoyer et al., RSL Collective, 2025
- 36The economics of copyright and AI — Empirical evidence and optimal policyChristian Peukert, European Parliament, Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs (JURI), 2025Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 37Building Toward a Sustainable Content Economy for the Agentic WebFrank, Microsoft Advertising Blog, 2026
- 38Is There a Middle Ground in the Tug of War Between News Publishers and AI Firms? Part 1: Framing the ProblemLisa Macpherson, Public Knowledge, 2025
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05Payment and market design
- 40Market Design for AI: Beyond the Copyright BinaryDai et al., arXiv, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 41Content Independence Day, one year on: building the business model for the agentic InternetWeiss et al., Cloudflare Blog, 2026
- 42Incentivizing Quality Text Generation via Statistical ContractsSait et al., arXiv, 2024Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 43The Trust Fabric: Decentralized Interoperability and Economic Coordination for the Agentic WebReflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
06Attribution, telemetry, and demand signals
- 44SPUR Content TelemetrySPUR Coalition, 2026Includes the linked repository overview (README); linked repository files remain online.
- 45Best Practice on Generative and Agentic AI usage metricsCOUNTER Code of Practice, Release 5.1.1, 2026
- 46AI News Audit: How AI Models Use and Distribute Canadian JournalismTaylor Owen and Aengus Bridgman, McGill University, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
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- 48How we use AI in our journalismAxios, 2026Full text from the PDF supplied by the user. Original PDF pages are embedded for reference. Website menus, unrelated recommendations, and print-page overlap were removed from the reading text.
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07Information quality and pluralism
- 50Synthetic Sources?: Auditing Generative Search Engine Citations for Evidence of AI-Generated SourcesAllaham and Diakopoulos, arXiv, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
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- 52How public datasets constrain the development of diversity-aware news recommender systems, and what law could do about itReflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
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- 54Restraining the formation of filter bubbles with algorithmic affordances: Toward more balanced information consumption and decreased attitude extremityunavailableJiang et al. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2025The source blocks automated access (HTTP 403); no full text retrieved.
08Agents, loyalty, and fiduciary responsibility
- 55AI Alignment and Fiduciary ObligationLange, AIES 2026, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 56Encoding Loyalty Principles into AI Agents' BehaviorCheong, Innovation at Consumer Reports, 2025
- 57Build Agent Advocates, Not Platform AgentsKapoor et al., arXiv, 2025Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 58The moral case for using language model agents for recommendationLazar et al., Inquiry, 2025 (paywalled)Open-access author preprint; may differ from the published version. Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 59Who Do AI Agents Work For? Power and Control in the Next InternetHubbard, Open Markets Institute, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
09Publishers building for agents
- 60NLWebR.V. Guha, 2026Includes the linked repository overview (README); linked repository files remain online.
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- 62New AI-powered tools connect locals to trusted community resourcesVillage Media, Toronto Today, 2026Full text from the PDF supplied by the user. Original PDF pages are embedded for reference. Website menus, unrelated recommendations, and print-page overlap were removed from the reading text.
- 63After the FeedPariser et al., New_Public, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 64AI Agents Are Coming for News. Can Publishers Reclaim Control?Chandrasekar and Jaźwińska, Columbia Jorunalism Review, 2026
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Question 3Can the agentic AI stack be, or remain, deconcentrated?
10Open protocols and interfaces
- 67Model Context Protocol Specification, revision 2026-07-28Agentic AI Foundation, 2026This EPUB contains the linked specification overview page; its external section links remain online.
- 68Linux Foundation Announces the Formation of the Agentic AI Foundation (AAIF)The Linux Foundation, 2025
- 69Governance Gaps in Agent Interoperability Protocols: What MCP, A2A, and ACP Cannot ExpressKang and Diponegoro, arXiv (preprint), 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 70Why the AI Policy Debate Should Focus More on the Harness and Protocol LayersJustin Hendrix, Tech Policy Press, 2026
- 71OpenClaw Shows AI Agents Don’t Need to Be Vertically IntegratedFitzGerald, Tech Policy Press, 2026
11Market structure
- 72Artificial Intelligence, Competition, and WelfareFiona Scott Morton and Susan Athey, NBER, 2025Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 73Artificial Power: 2025 Landscape ReportBrennan, AI Now Institute, 2025Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 74Taming the HyperscalersGeorge Colville and Max von Thun, Open Markets Institute Europe, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
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- 76Governing the Algorithmic CityLazar, Philosophy & Public Affairs, 2025Open-access author preprint; may differ from the published version. Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 77Communicative Justice and the Distribution of AttentionLazar, Knight First Amendment Institute, 2025
- 78AI looks competitive. Is an oligopoly coming anyway?Max von Thun and Roa Powell, Model Economy Substack, 2026
12Remedies and interventions
- 79Designing Europe’s Search Data Sharing Rules for Competition in the AI EraAlissa Cooper, Knight-Georgetown Institute, 2026
- 80Commission provides guidance to Google for AI interoperability on Android and sharing of Google Search data under the Digital Markets ActEuropean Commission Press corner, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 81Commission imposes interim measures on Meta to preserve free access to WhatsApp for rival AI assistantsEuropean Commission Press corner, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
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- 83CMA strengthens proposals allowing people choice over their search serviceCompetition and Markets Authority, 2026
- 84The Google Remedies Turn Landmark Verdicts Into a WhimperVaheesan, Tech Policy Press, 2026
- 85AI Regulation: Competition, Arbitrage & Regulatory CaptureFull text from the PDF supplied by the user. Original PDF pages are embedded for reference.
- 86Toward an OSI-Inspired Stack for Agentic AI: From Fragmented Frameworks to Open StandardsRodrigo-Ginés, National University of Distance Education (preprint), 2025Full text from the PDF supplied by the user. Original PDF pages are embedded for reference.
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- 88Position: Collaborative Agentic AI Needs Interoperability Across EcosystemsSharma et al., arXiv, 2025Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.
- 89AI NeutralityRamzanali and Rajan, Vanderbilt Policy Accelerator, 2026Reflowable text extracted from PDF. Each page links to an embedded original page image for diagrams, equations, and layout. Text extraction may affect reading order or mathematical symbols.